“1984″ vs. Nazi Germany Essay

I have always been fascinated with Adolf Hitler and World War II. It seems that throughout my education and lifetime, the topic of how Hitler’s Germany almost ruled the entire world was constantly mentioned in conversations, books, movies, or television programs. After reading George Orwell’s â€Å"1984†³ I saw that there were big similarities between the town of Oceiana and Nazi Germany. Both types of government were extremely similar; in 1984as well as in Nazi Germany, they killed and vaporized people with no remorse and had no respect for humanity. Therefore, when I read the quote, â€Å"it is impossible to found a civilization on fear and hatred and cruelty. It would never endure,† I immediately thought of Nazi Germany. Hitler’s evil drive for success clearly proved this quote to be true and shows that hatred and fear can’t in fact create a stable civilization. The Nazi’s ruled Germany from 1933 to 1945 when Germany surrendered and admitted defeat in their war of aggression, World War II. This was similar to the war that Oceiana was involved in throughout the book. Also, many German’s were taken to and killed at the concentration camps, just like Winston, along with many others, were taken to the Ministry of Love to be â€Å"taken care of.† In the book as well as in Germany there were no rights granted to citizens and freedom was merely a thought. Moreover, many children had to work at young ages and did not learn the proper skills in order to read or write. See more: Basic Economic problem of Scarcity Essay In the fictional Oceiana, children were also not allowed books and they were taken away because The Party was afraid that people would become too smart and try to overthrow the government. People in both of these countries were treated as slaves and humanity seemed completely outside the realm of possibility. Now, it is a known fact that Adolf Hitler was one of the 20th century’s most powerful dictators. He was responsible for World War II and the death of millions. Hitler saw a nation in despair and used this as an opportunity to gain political power. He saw a nation of unemployed and hungry citizens and promised them economic prosperity in return for absolute power. During his time he caused such a great deal of death and destruction He was indeed a great leader, yet his kingdom’s basis is what caused it to fall. Hitler’s racial and political hatred, along with the fear he instilled in his people were the major causes of the disintegration of his nation. Therefore, this event in history is a prime example of the fact that â€Å"it is impossible to found a civilization on fear and hatred and cruelty.† No one wants to be ruled by someone cruel and full of hate. This form of government didn’t and couldn’t ever endure. Citations * Adolf Hitler.† Jewish Virtual Library – Homepage. Web. 01 Mar. 2011. . * Adolf Hitler.† Spartacus Educational – Home Page. Web. 01 Mar. 2011. . * Adolf Hitler.† Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia. Web. 01 Mar. 2011. .

Inequality in the Workplace, Still- Harriet Martineau

Inequality in the Workplace, Still. HARRIET MARTINEAU Harriet Martineau, the founding mother of sociology, was a very accomplished female. She was, among other things, a feminist, Unitarian, critic, social scientist, and an atheist. She began many methodological, theoretical and substantive studies that would now be considered the study of sociology. She analyzed women’s rights, disability, education slavery, history, health and religion within her lifetime. Long before Marx, Weber, or Durkheim, Martineau also studied and wrote about social class, suicide, forms of religions, domestic relations, delinquency, and the status of women† (Gordon). Her neglect by sociologists in later years is a perfect example of how academic sociology has excluded women sociologists from its study. Martineau stated that, â€Å"an American woman's life is equal to that of a slave's, (in that) they were both given indulgence rather than justice. † (Berleant) Harriet saw that women were denied education and had only one option and duty in the United States: marriage. Her attitude towards the injustice of women would most suit the feminist theory which focuses on analyzing gender inequality and promotes women’s rights, interests and issues. A recent incident, showing the inequality women still face today, occurred when a female was denied equal treatment at the workplace causing a gender discrimination lawsuit. Monday March 15th, 2010, a federal judge announced a $2. 5 million discrimination verdict in favor of Michelle Maher, who was forced out of the Fresno Fire Department’s training academy. Maher, a single mother, former professional mixed-martial arts fighter and certified EMT with 13 certificates in firefighting skills, was clearly qualified for the job at hand but apparently the fire training academy supervisors continuously focused on asking her personal questions and setting her up to fail certain tasks while unfairly grading her exam. Maher sued the Fire Department in 2008 due to the discrimination she faced. Maher says, â€Å"A supervisor repeatedly asked about my divorce and suggested that I was not giving my full effort in the academy because I was a single mother† (Ellis). She was also told that because she scored below an 80% on a midterm, she would have to resign or be fired from the academy, therefore she resigned. â€Å"After the three-week trial last fall, jurors said they believed Maher was not given adequate time to prove herself at the academy. They felt the evaluations were inconsistent since the men in the academy were given extra chances to improve in weak areas and nobody from the Fire Department could pinpoint the department standards† (Ellis). It is likely that Maher will win her lawsuit and the city of Fresno will have to pay $2. 6 million plus another million for attorney fees. The judge concluded that the evidence was â€Å"very substantial† in Maher’s favor. Martineau suggested â€Å"improving women’s position in the workforce including education, nondiscriminatory employment and training programs. † She also promoted â€Å"women’s admission into medical school and the importance of physical fitness and exercise for girls and women†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (Soc, 10) In this case, Martineau was right on queue with the goals Maher set in working with the Fire Department. Maher was qualified physically and academically but unfortunately faced discrimination. The feminist theory concerning gender inequality and sexuality sees gender stratification as â€Å"benefiting men and the capitalist system. Sexuality is linked to gender inequality†¦ and that male dominance is especially harmful because it results in men controlling women’s sexual behavior† (Soc, 172). If Maher had applied to another profession, appropriate for her sex, her personal business and lower test grade wouldn’t be an issue. For her to apply for a â€Å"man’s job,† was bold and daring and unnecessary actions to prove she was inadequate was a poor risk the Fire Department chose to play. â€Å"All feminists agree that men and women should be valued equally, women should have more control over their lives and gender inequality can be remedied by changing political, economic, family and other institutions as well as everyday interactions, attitudes and behaviors† (Soc, 172) Change needs to occur and gender equality is possible through equal civil rights and opportunities. Women have been internalized to achieve the womanly roles based on gendered socialization. Teaching young girls how to be passive and maternal while promoting boys to take on the dominant roles and taught to strive to achieve educational and career success is how the gender inequality begins. Martineau was raised in a Unitarian community which focusing on rationalism, individualism and democracy. Amazingly Martineau, along with her seven brothers and sisters, received equal education until college when it came time for a higher education for the boys only. Being the feminist that she was, she wrote an anonymous article, â€Å"On Female Education† for a Unitarian journal expressing â€Å"Women's intellectual inferiority to men is based on women's lack of mental training, others' expectations of women, and women's circumstances rather than women's ability† (Berleant). Later her brother found out she wrote the article and said, â€Å"Now, dear, leave it to the other women to make skirts and darn stockings, and you devote yourself to this† (Webster. du). And indeed, Martineau was destined to become is monumental figure in sociology and to feminist history. Maher’s skills exceeded the qualifications for the Fire Department but the one opportunity she wasn’t given was the pinnacle for her demise. In the end, I’d say she won, since she made her voice heard and was awarded some major bank from her lawsuit! Work Cited Benokraitis, Nijole V. Soc + Review Cards + Bind-in Printed Access Card. Wadsworth Pub Co, 2009. Print Berleant, Riva. â€Å"Harriet Martineau: Biography and Bibliography. †Ã‚  Brycchan Carey – Home Page. 2004 Web. 18 Mar. 2010. . Gordon, Marshall. â€Å"Martineau, Harriet. †Ã‚  A Dictionary of Sociology. 1998. Encyclopedia. com. 18 Mar. 2010  . â€Å"Harriet Martineau. †Ã‚  Webster University. Web. 18 Mar. 2010. . Ellis, John. â€Å"Ruling Backs Woman's Suit against Fresno Fire Dept. †Ã‚  Covering Fresno and the San Joaquin Valley in Central California – Fresno Bee. 15 Mar. 2010. Web. 18 Mar. 2010. .

Zero Tolerance Policy

The zero tolerance policy strives to reduce violence in schools and make schools a safer place for students. Anne Atkinson, a member of the Virginia Board of Education defines zero tolerance as a â€Å"policy that mandates predetermined consequences or punishments for specified offenses. † The policy first became effective in 1989, but grew most rapidly in 1994 when the Gun- Free Schools Act was passed (1). There are many controversies about the zero tolerance policy including whether or not the policy is effective in reducing violence in schools, whether or not schools are trying to handle disciplinary actions in a fair manner, and whether or not all students are treated equally when punishments are determined. While many supporters, such as school administration, believe that the zero tolerance policy is necessary in schools, those who oppose the policy, such as parents, believe that the policy is unfair and ineffective in schools. Those who support the zero tolerance policy believe that the policy is effective in reducing violence in school. Atkinson argues that â€Å"strict policies are needed to send a clear message and are designed to protect students† (2). Agreeing with Atkinson, Richard Curwin and Allen Mendler, scholars on the zero tolerance policy, believe that by using the zero tolerance policies, it is evident to students that aggressive behavior is unacceptable. By allowing the students to realize that misbehavior will not be tolerated, students become more likely to obey the rules and cooperate with schools (1). According to the National Center for Children Exposed to Violence (NCCEV), 17. 1% of students carried weapons at school and 71% of elementary and secondary schools have experienced at least one violent crime by a student. A nationwide survey suggested that 15% of students have been involved in a physical fight on school grounds. By using the zero tolerance policy, those students who are violent in school are expelled or suspended, resulting in schools becoming a safer environment for students and teachers (3). Although defenders of the zero tolerance policy agree that they policies are effective, those who oppose the policy do not believe that the policies are effective in reducing school violence. People who are against the zero tolerance policy agree that the policy is ineffective in reducing school violence. Members of the American Psychological Association (APA), the largest scientific and professional organization representing psychology in the United States, agree that schools are no safer and more effective in teaching discipline that before the zero tolerance policy in the 1980s. They also agree that school violence is not out of control, so zero tolerance policies are not necessary (1). Russell Skiba, chairman of the Indiana Education Policy Center and Reece Peterson, a scholar on the zero tolerance policy, conducted statistics that show â€Å"violent crimes occurred at an annual rate of fifty-three per one hundred thousand students. Because evidence shows that violence rates are not out of control, critics argue that there are many other alternatives that can be used to promote a safer environment for students and teachers (2). According to the National Association of School Psychologists (NASP), some alternatives that reduce violence in schools include a prevention curriculum, help from school workers, counselors, and psychologists, and parental/family involvement (3). Whether the policy is effective or ineffective is only one aspect of the controversy; there are many other controversies that occur within the policy. Whether schools are handling disciplinary action in a fair manner is a main controversy when discussing the zero tolerance policy. Russell Skiba believes that the way in which schools punish students is fair. He thinks that rash punishments improve overall student behavior and discipline. Skiba acknowledges the fact that harsh disciplinary actions are determined by the degree of the student’s violent actions (29). While some people agree that schools are just when using the zero tolerance policy, others disagree and believe that schools are extremely unfair. Those who oppose the zero tolerance policy believe that the way in which schools use the zero tolerance policy to punish students is very rash and unfair. Those against the zero tolerance policy, such as Skiba, believe that rash suspensions and expulsions, rather than improving student behavior, forces students to misbehave more frequently. He also believes that rash suspensions and expulsions lead to an increased number of school dropouts and failure to graduate on time (28). A personal example of zero tolerance proves schools to be rash and unfair when punishing students. My ten-year-old cousin went to a public school where he was a part of the minority group. He found a pocketknife at home and thought it was the coolest thing he had ever seen. Being an immature, unknowing child, my cousin brought the pocketknife to school to show his friends, not intending on using it in any dangerous way possible. As he took the knife out of his pocket to show is closest friends, a teacher spotted him and immediately jerked him away from his friends and into the principal’s office. The principal, being the one to decide punishment, automatically expelled my ten-year-old cousin for bringing a pocketknife to school, even though he did not harming anyone or anything with the knife. Because my cousin was expelled from school, he is no longer in school this year and now has to repeat the grade. This is a perfect example of how the zero tolerance policy leads to school dropout and failure to graduate on time. Not only is the process of punishment a controversy, but whether or not racism is used to punish is also an issue concerning the zero tolerance policy. An important controversy when debating on the zero tolerance policy is whether or not racism is involved when schools are punishing students. Russell Skiba and Allen Mendler argue that schools are completely just and equal when determining punishments for violence in schools. They agree that no matter race, ethnicity, language, or abilities, if you portray a violent action, rash punishments will result (1). Although supporters agree that the policy treats all people equal, those who oppose the policy agree that racism occurs when punishing students using the zero tolerance policy. According to those that oppose the policy, zero tolerance is an unjust policy that does not treat all students equally. The American Psychological Association (APA) agrees that the disproportionate discipline of students of color is and continues to be a concern when discussing the zero tolerance policy. They believe that most expulsions and suspensions are punishments that result from African Americans or Latinos that are violent in schools. Another target group of schools that use the zero tolerance policy are those people with disabilities, especially with emotional and behavioral disorders (2). There are many important controversies dealing with the zero tolerance policy, and many people either support the controversy or are opposed to the controversy. Zero tolerance attempts to prevent violence in schools and create a safer environment for the school community. It is viewed as a policy that that tries to teach students wrong from right, and gives students a sense of discipline. Although some believe that the policy has good intentions, there are many controversies that aroused, causing many debates that challenge the effectiveness of the policy. While many people who believe that the policy creates a safer environment for students and teachers support the zero tolerance policy, there are many who oppose the zero tolerance policy, arguing that it is unfair and ineffective in reducing violence in schools.

Questions Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 15

Questions - Assignment Example Rules 4 and 5 are the most appealing because by adding value to the audiences’ life, marketers reap my seeing their efforts rewarded through improved sales turnover and ultimately profitability. Simplicity: The whole concept was very simple to understand and put into practical use. Given the entire process is done on one platform; Facebook, consumers found it convenient to download the App, make their cases to friends on why they deserved the piece and finally redeem the virtual and real pizza from the same online platform. Social Connection: The social element that involves sharing not only the fun involved in lobbying for a price but also sitting together for a real meal inn the end made the campaign add tangible social value to users. Uniqueness: At the time of its launch, there were not many campaigns that could convert virtual to real gifts and this distinctive aspect of the campaign made it stand out and eventually successful. The unique aspect of this campaign and millions of Facebook users gives Pizza Hut a reason to replicate this in the U.S with guaranteed success. The social aspect of the human race knows no geographic boundaries and the flavor this campaign added to friendships in Australia are what it would add to consumers of pizza in any part of the world, the U.S included. Pizza Hut should therefore replicate this campaign in the U.S before competitors come up with similar projects. Chiat Strategic Excellence Awards. (2011) Jay Chiat Awards Winners | "Feed a Friend: Leveraging the Natural Fit Between Loyalty and Social Media". 4As Jay Chiat Awards for Strategic Excellence. Retrieved March 11, 2013, from

Management coursework Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Management coursework - Essay Example Some of their aspirations: housing, public facilities, schools, hospitals, religious centres, cultural and recreational centres. People work hard for these aspirations, for these reflect one special characteristic of man – survival. Survival also involves the psychological, spiritual, physical and mental needs. Political situation in the community or country where port is located has to be looked out and given much importance. Political aspects vary from port to port or from country to country. Local authorities may provide different procedures, and may not be very cooperative when it comes to the development of business. Diplomatic procedures have to be in place to gain cooperation from local authorities. Careful study has to be done on particular ports and terminals in other countries, particularly Asian countries. These areas have different laws and political situations which can not be treated the same with more advanced countries. They have situations that are sometimes unstable, and laws and procedures which seem, at first, hostile to a new organisation. However, with recent trends, more and more countries, like Asian countries, are encouraging investors to conduct business into their lands. In most instances, local authorities support development of business in their area. They entice businessman to venture in their lands for economic growth. They become cooperative and encourage businesses to invest more. They do this with some special tax reductions and incentives to foreign businesses. Countries have different laws and procedures for business, especially if that business is for big ports, so called the nodal points of commerce where ships and other forms of transportation are interconnected. Laws naturally affect the operations of these terminals. Management must be able to give a thorough study of these ports. Port law is a branch of law which makes use of the general

Collective Bargaining Process in P-12 Education Research Paper

Collective Bargaining Process in P-12 Education - Research Paper Example Significant Changes in Education Law Section 3012-c The revamp of the old law carried with it major changes in the evaluation process of teachers and principals, known as the new and improved Annual Professional Performance Review (APPR) system for teachers and principals. â€Å"The new APPR system applies only to evaluations of teachers in the common branch subjects or English Language Arts, and Math in grades four through eight, as well as building principals for the school year 2011-2012. The new APPR system will apply to all teachers and principals effective in the 2012-2013 school years. The APPR system requires teacher and principal evaluations to result in a single composite score made up of the several components† (New York Labor and Employment). The composite score shall be the basis for the teacher’s promotion, retention, tenure, termination, and will entitle the teacher to additional compensation. The composite score shall be divided into the following criter ia: The first 40% percent shall be based on the student’s achievement and the other 60% shall comprise of the teacher’s overall effectiveness. Modification of the Existing Provisions of Collective Bargaining Agreement Based on the labor relations standpoint, the requirement of a negotiated appeals process is one of the more contentious aspects of the new law. The appeals process by the way, is developed locally, wherein the teacher or principal shall have the right to question the basis of the evaluation. The factors taken in deriving at such result must be compliant to specific standards and guidelines for reviews and implementation of a â€Å"Teacher Improvement Plans† (TIP) and the â€Å"Principal Improvement Plans† (PIP). This method will be used for those teachers and... It aims to discuss the direct relationship of the new law to the concurrent provisions contained in the previous collective bargaining agreements. Due to the enactment of the new law, it mandated that all collective bargaining agreements entered by teachers and building principals after July 1, 2010 must be harmonize and complement with provisions of the new law. This report stresses that the new law does not require the school district, BOCES, parents’ and teachers’ representative union to indicate the references used in the newly incorporated provisions in the successor collective bargaining agreements. Strict observance must be complied as regard to the consistencies with the provisions of the new Education Law. This paper makes a conclusion that the enactment of the new law redounds to the benefit of the school district, BOCES, teachers and principals because they are given equal opportunities to improve their existing conditions and opens doors for more better opportunities which they can enjoy in the future. In the case of the students, they will be ensured of quality education as their teachers are required to attain a high level of effectiveness among their students. According to Tom Loveless, â€Å"what is certain however is that the scope of bargaining, although previously restricted in many states with regard to issues of wages, hours and working conditions, has in practice greatly expanded beyond those formal limits†.

Critical Thinking Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 3

Critical Thinking - Assignment Example This paper analyses whether Nancy Cantor, who were once a Syracuse University chancellor, used critical thinking in a piece of work that she wrote in reply to the filing of affirmative action cases with U.S. Supreme Court. Cantor is rational and objective. Her argument does not portray emotional or subjective perceptions. Cantor developed her argument on justifiable reasons. In her first sentence, she recognizes the existence of collective fears, sins, and stereotypes between races. In the fourth paragraph, Cantor points out that race, is an essential aspect of life in America. The existence of Asian-American, Hispanics, Native Americans, Whites, African –Americans, and Native Americans in American society, support the view of Cantor. Students thus have historical and cultural experiences associated to their races. Cantor recognizes the existence of inequality and the need to factor in the issue of inequality in College admissions. Cantor is honest in her argument. She does not argue for a particular race. According to her, the decision of Justice Lewis F. Powell, urged the educator to create a truthfully integrated community of learners. Even though, the decision was aimed at helping students of color, Cantor looks at it as a benefit to the different races in Americans. Cantor sees the use of race-consciousness as way to build a positive society. According to her, the recognition of race as a factor in America would help solve the mistake made by racially segregated public districts schools that failed to recognize American history and possible impacts of race. In this way, Cantor recognizes the weight and extent of evidence and thus shows her use of judgment. Cantor’s consideration of President Bush’s argument shows her open-mindedness. The former president had earlier labeled the use of affirmative action program at the University of Michigan a quote system. Cantor responded by claiming that all students

Ethical Reasoning Final Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Ethical Reasoning Final - Essay Example In conclusion, this author asserts that homosexual sex is not morally evil but is morally good. Corvino submission has, however, not gone unparalleled by opponents who feel that homosexuality is immoral. Obasola, Kehinde E., a professor in the Department of Religious Studies Olabisi Onabanjo University addresses this debate in his article titled â€Å"Ethical Perspective Of Homosexuality Among The African People.† His main argument against this practice is the abnormality that accompanies the act. For instance, human sexual bodies are developed for reproduction. Therefore, homosexuality is an acquired trait rather than innate. It is a distortion to the biological and psychological components of the body. This among several other reasons makes it to be morally unacceptable. In my forthcoming essay on this debate, I hold the opinion that opposes Corvino’s argument in favor of homosexuality. His arguing on the basis definition of unnatural does not hold water in so far as morality is concerned. Homosexuality is unnatural, and defies the sanctity of marriage, a natural institution designed for reproduction. It is therefore immoral. Corvino asserts that attributing homosexuality as unnatural stems from five basic interpretations of what is unnatural. In the very beginning, he objects the very idea of what is natural and its acceptance or likeableness in society. For instance, many lifestyle choices (housing, government, medicine, and even clothing) that are cherished by people at large are unnatural. On the other hand, some â€Å"natural† things are completely detested by society, such as, death, disease, and suffering. Subtly regarding â€Å"unnaturalness† as â€Å"rhetorical flourish,† Corvino challenges the very foundation of opposition (309). Corvino elaborates five different possible meanings of unnaturalness by

Health Policy Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Health Policy - Essay Example Despite the fact that the National Health Service was initially designed to be entirely financed through public taxation, changes began taking place in 1952 when prescription charges of  £ 1 for ordinary dental treatment were introduced (NHS, 2011). The charges were however abolished in 1965, only to be reintroduced in 1968. The first restructuring took place in 1974 when fourteen Regional Health Authorities, and nineteen new Area Health Authorities were established (Mercier, 1997). Mercier points out that â€Å"community health care services which had previously been managed by local government were also transferred to the responsibility of the NHS by the 1974 reforms† (1997, pp. 22-23). Further restructuring took place in 1982, when heath costs hugely escalated prompting the Conservative government to change the culture of the National Health Service management, by encouraging the use of nursing homes and private hospitals to patients. For the first time since the introduction of the National Health System, tenders for different tasks were issued to private firms in order to support the health authorities in managing some departments of the health service. However, there was a lot of dissatisfaction with the management style, and this led to the appointment of general managers at all levels of the health service system. An advisory board was also established and various other officials appointed to oversee the affairs of the NHS. Other substantial restructurings and developments have taken place leading to the passing of the Health and Social Care Act in 2012. In 2004, the first NHS foundation trusts were established as autonomous National Health Service providers (Great Britain National Audit Office 2011). A re-launch of the foundation trusts process was announced by the United Kingdom government in July 2010 in a white paper named Equity and Excellence: Liberating the NHS. After the publication of

Nutrition classes in Texas middle schools Essay

Nutrition classes in Texas middle schools - Essay Example The youth of Texas, aged 9th through 12th grades, reported only 17% were eating the recommended number of fruits and vegetables daily, with about 45% actually meeting the physical activity requirements for people in that age group. They also reported more than 38% drank at least one non-diet soda per day. (Dehghan, Akhtar-Danesh, &Merchant, 2005) The burden of obesity has cost private Texas businesses more than $3.3 billion and the state Medicare/Medicaid system more than $ 5 billion annually. (Castellon, 2008) The U.S. Surgeon General’s office report that more than 70% of overweight children go on to become overweight adults. Efforts aimed at reducing obesity should be initiated during early childhood with positive role modeling of healthy relationships with food and exercise. The focus should be more on healthy lifestyles as opposed to dieting solutions once the weight has accumulated. (Castellon, 2008) It is projected that by the year 2025, only 14% of adult Texans will be of normal weight, resulting in over $15 billion being spent annually for obesity related health issues. Texas has already begun to invest in nutrition and wellness education by spending $20 million in support for school physical education, fitness, and nutrition programs for middle-schoolers, in 6th – 8th grades. ... (Castellon, 2008) According to an independent study published by the American Journal of Public Health in 2008, the declining results may be attributable to the implementation of the Texas Public School Nutritional Policy, which took effect in 2003. The study collected three years worth of lunch menus and student choices, combined with health evaluations of Texas school children in more than six hundred participating schools across Texas. The Nutritional Policy aimed at instituting change by reducing availability of non-nutrient items, providing milk, fruits and vegetables, as well as healthy entree items on the menus. The entrees featured foods higher in protein, fiber, vitamins A and C, and Calcium. This study supports that school lunch choices had the potential to impact the problem of obesity showing short term reductions in obesity for participants, with further research being required. (Cullen, 2008) The International Journal of Obesity reported an increase in early onset child hood obesity with more prevalence in Mexican Americans and African Americans than in non-Hispanic White participants. The fat patterning in these groups was also more noticeably truncal, located around the middle region of the body; this pattern is more closely associated with Type II Diabetes, hyperinsulinemia, and cardiovascular risk factors. (Park, Menard, Schoolfield, 2001) (Guzman, 2011) In taking a closer look at the ethnic patterns of obesity, several factors appear to be involved. First of all, non-Hispanic Blacks and Hispanics were found to be less likely to engage in physical activities. This was attributed to less availability of safe areas to perform physical activities. Secondly, this group was also found to be more satisfied with

Free

Free trade Blessing in Disguise Essay Antagonists of government intervention envisage a liberalized or free trading arena. While international trade has been present throughout much of history , its economic, social, and political importance has only recently become apparent. Walter Block sees free trade as the only philosophy compatible with international peace and prosperity. Free trade involves the eradication of current trade barriers so as to encourage countries to specialize in production. Society thrives on trade simply because trade makes specialization possible. (Blinder p. 1). The basis of the free trade argument is an economic theory known as comparative advantage and was devised by David Ricardo in the late 19th Century. The Ricardian model is perhaps the most important concept in international trade theory. In a Ricardian model, countries specialise in producing what they produce best. Unlike other models, the Ricardian framework predicts that countries will specialise solely instead of producing a broad array of goods. Ricardo argues that trade will not affect . Take for example the situation of the Lawyer and the secretary. Some lawyers are better typists than their secretaries. Should such a lawyer therefore fire his secretary on these grounds, and do his own typing? Not likely. Though the lawyer may be better at both typing and presenting cases, he will fare better if concentrating his energies on arguing cases and leaving the typing for his secretary. Specialization not only aids in making the economy more efficient, it also leaves the lawyer and secretary with productive work to do. Nations act in much the same way. Countries are said to hone their skills on a particular good or service and trade with others that have done the same. Through peoples desire to acquire new skills and knowledge, coupled with the yearning for a greater range of products growing, the call for countries to abandon protectionist policies is imminent. Conclusion In conclusion protectionist policies should be abandoned in order to make way for the freer flow of goods. As discussed protectionist policies are detrimental to the overall economic success of a nation. Through such policies as subsidies, producers are less likely to better their products due to the absence of international competition. The implementation of freer trade promotes specialization of production and aids in consumers receiving better quality goods at a reduced price. In order for greater consumer choice and freedom protectionist policies should be re-evaluated. Reference List Blinder, A 1992, Free Trade, Liberty Fund Inc, Princeton, USA Bigelow, B Peterson, B (ed.) 2002, Rethinking Globalization: Teaching For Justice In An Unjust World, Rethinking Schools Press, Wisconsin, USA. Dunning, H 1993, The Globalization of Business, Routledge, London Dunning, H 2000, Regions, Globalization and the Knowledge-Based Economy, Oxford, New York Economic Planning Advisory Council 1994, Regional Trading Agreements, Australia, August 1994, background paper no. 40, Canberra. Hill, Charles W.L. 2006, Global Business Today, Mcgraw-Hill Irwin, New York. International Monetary Fund 1988, Issues and Developments in International Trade Policy, December 1988, Occasional Paper no. 63, Washington.

Hemingway Picasso Essay Example for Free

Hemingway Picasso Essay One of the greatest American writers Ernest Hemingway was born on 21 July 1899 in Oak Park, Illinois. His parents were very strict and religious, they taught him a love of nature, outdoor life, music and art. He was really good at English and used to write for his school’s newspaper. After graduation, he didn’t go to college. Instead, he went to Kansas to work for a newspaper. A little later he went to the First World War. He couldn’t become a solider because of bad health. He was an ambulance driver and a war correspondent. He wrote a lot during WWI, Spanish Civil War and WWII. His most well-known books,† For Whom the Bell Tolls† and â€Å"Farewell to Arms† are about war. In spite of writing career success, he had problems in his personal life. Hemingway married four times, all his marriages failed. He suffered from depression and alcohol abuse. In the end, Hemingway killed himself with a shotgun.  The greatest painter of the 20th century Pablo Picasso was born on 25 oct. 1881 in Malaga, Spain. His genius was noticed in very early age. He started drawing before he could talk. Even his first word was a Spanish word for â€Å"pencil† â€Å"lapiz†. He was mad about art. His father was an artist too, but young Pablo could draw a lot better. His paintings often shocked people with their unusual elements. He could draw a portrait of a person using only geometric shapes. He changed many ideas about art around the world.  During his life he created over 6 thousand paintings, many of them are masterpieces known worldwide. Nowadays a work of him costs millions of pounds. He married two times, had four children. His last child was born when he was 68. Picasso died of heart failure in 1973

Youth Cultures Able To Incite Moral Panics Media Essay

Youth Cultures Able To Incite Moral Panics Media Essay So what the media produces is what the public wants to here. The intensification of the medias articles on subjects are ready-made and they have usually an emotional and far reaching opinion about what should be done. Again Cohen says these are (Cohen, 1980: p 199) the moral barricades are manned by editors, bishops, politicians and other right-thinking people; socially accredited experts pronounce their diagnoses and solutions Really what we mean is that if there is a potential to threaten social order then currently Youth Culture is probably the number one culprit. Looking into the Mods and Rockers era of the 1960s the media was criticised for over-reacting. Reporting huge clashes with young out of control teenagers who were only there for one thing and that was to fight and cause as much chaos and havoc on the beaches of many resorts throughout the UK. Eamonn Walsh (2009) I predict a riot: Panorama on Mods and Rockers [Online Image] Available at http://www.bbc.co.uk/blogs/panorama/2009/05/i_predict_a_riot_panorama_on_m.html ( Accessed 10 November 2010) In fact many of them liked to have a day out in their particular youth culture. What the public saw as a riot was seen by the Mods and Rockers as having a good time. Moral Panic therefore can be seen as a perception it can define certain criteria and characteristics of modern day social problems. These problems emerge from time to time and can be directed by the media into their judgement on what the answer or remedy should be. In fact this can increase in intensity and ceased upon by so called specialists or experts, that will maintain that particular theme of contemporary youth culture at the time and make it into a frenzy. So it is easy to see that Moral Panics are reactions to perceived threats. So how can I liken an event in the same way in these days. Since the election the Conservative and Liberal parties have shown their own government figures that (D. Martin August 2010) more than 100,000 young people are living on benefit. What the government are saying is that up to 75% of claimants are able to work and are not sick at all. They can use the figures to blame the outgoing government and create a modern incitement into the current youth, this in turn invokes a moral panic. One M.P was even quoted as saying (Mr Grayling M.P) These figures are a sad indictment. and I am shocked at the challenge we now face. The public are now seeing that many young people are living of benefits that they are paying from their taxes. This clearly can show some intense responses gathering momentum to hysterical effects. This is in many ways is an exaggerated perception that the Coalition wish to cover as a social issue and need the public reaction to be expressed in outrage. But at the same time giving the impression that they are best suited to be able to overcome this fear and do something about it and get young people back into the working environment. Moving on to a slightly different tack, but still using the same route mentioned above in young people and contemporary youth culture. We can look at young unemployed girls who deliberately get themselves pregnant. This is seen as a social issue that has caused moral panic in the media by what is reported as thousands of young girls staying single getting pregnant and then asking the local authority to house them taking them out of the labour market. As they dont work they also live on state benefits jump the housing cue and have been given the designation of deliberately getting pregnant to get all handouts This ran for a long time in the late 90s and still comes back into the media as a moral threat to society. This sensationalism I suspect has now bought an urgency into the coalition government where they will stop this freeloading and will deal with part of Youth Culture which will see them in a light of dealing with the situation in what will be seen as a popular and welcome mov e. A similarity with current trends with Cohens study of the Mods and Rockers is young people going around in hoodies. If a crowd appear, the moral panic appears to be that if you wear a hoodie you will be part of a gang on the rampage or maybe even involved gun crime or knives. In an article from Workers Liberty dated 5th June 2005 one of the largest retail parks in the Country Bluewater, in Kent decided to ban the wearing of hoodies in their shopping centre. The reason given was that groups of people, young males in particular wearing hoodies might cause customers to find them threatening and stay away from their retail park. I personally think that the moral panic here worked in Bluewaters favour. It sent an immediate message to all customers, dont go anywhere your hoodie-infested local shops and come to our safe environment. Apart from stereotyping the youth, there were many retail clothing outlets that actually stocked hoodies and in fact promoted the purchase of them because they knew that young people walking around Bluewater would buy them. They came in their thousands! Interestingly it could be that such topics involved in Moral Panics have existed for some time. Then suddenly along comes an incident that can start the concept. In fact on most occasions this comes and goes and is soon forgotten ready for the next occasion. One of the occasions that has had very deep and lasting obsession to do with Youth Culture was the Leah Betts episode. This involved drugs abuse in youths and was and still is a relevant contemporary part of youth culture. Another study which had a lot to do with young people taking drugs was written by Jock Young. This was a study into youths smoking cannabis. This time of behaviour was soon latched onto and vehemently condemned. In her book Postmodern and Popular Culture McRobbie says of Young (McRobbie, 1994 p.204) Young, increased the likelihood for further deviance. Young, argued that the media can contribute to social problems. With that said looking at the Leah Betts case, It was one of the biggest media episodes in histor y. The drugs abuse circus was in full swing and although it keeps appearing now and again, Leah Betts bought it right into the front line. A classic Moral Panic headline was given by the Independent on Sunday on January 21st 1996. Ecstasy is the equivalent of slaughtering babies This made compelling headlines and allowed the paper to sell many additional copies. The emotional lines of a few simple words was in fact not strictly true. Leah Betts death it was officially stated died from drowning because of the excess water intake she had from taking the Ecstasy Pill. The whole feeding circus would not let go and her parents made many sacrifices in trying to pursued the general public that ecstasy was the number one danger to youth in this day and age. Even to the point of showing Leah unconscious on the ward of her hospital. So a Contemporary Youth Culture such as Drug Taking is looked at in terms in society, of perhaps unable to take accountability of its own failures. Just before leaving the Leah Betts story, An unfortunate internal memo from the Glasgow Social Services Director in 1996 was leaked, where the Director had said Ecstasy is a relatively safe Drug So was this director being sensible and was her memo taken out of context. She likened E as nothing like as dangerous as drink and tobacco, for instance, and three times more people die of paracetemol, while thousands more young people die driving their first car. Some people even warned her Public people cannot speak honestly about drugs and hope to live! In conclusion I will use a quote from Cohen as to why Moral Panics in Contemporary Youth Cultures will continue to flourish and will not go away. (Cohen, 1987. P 204) More Moral Panics will be generated and other, as yet nameless, folk devils will be created. This is not because such developments have an inexorable inner logic, but because our society as present structured will continue to generate problems for some its members The examples I have given outline contemporary youth cultures in different aspects and undoubtedly are still being able to incite moral panic and will continue in the foreseeable future. Perhaps if the media were unable to do this how would they provide a popular point of view for people to support or indeed worry about that it could affect them.

what would jesus brew :: essays research papers

Is Justified True Belief Really Knowledge? So, you think you found some truth in the traditional concepts that knowledge is true belief? Well, I just might have to burst your bubble and join up with Edmond L. Gettier’s famous counterexample’s to these particular beliefs. Gettier, published these ambitious counterexamples in a June 1963 article entitled, â€Å"Is Justified Knowledge True Belief.† The traditional concepts of knowledge seem to hold that the following three stipulations are jointly sufficient in verifying the claim that S knows p ( where S is some entity with the capacity for knowing and p is some proposition or claim): (i) p is true, (ii), S believes that p, and (iii), S is justified in believing that p. Gettier’s counterexamples demonstrate situations in which justified true belief does not lend to the yield of knowledge. Before stating his cases, Gettier is quick to note two points; The first being â€Å"it is possible for a person(S) to be justified in believing a proposition(p) that is in fact false.† And secondly, for any time S is justified in believing p, and p entails q which S then deduces from p and is then justified in believing q. This means that if a person(S) is justified in believing a false proposition, then they are justified in believing other false propositions or propositions that turn out to be true based on false propositions . Gettier, provides two cases, using two subjects(Smith and Jones), that are directly pertaining to two falicies inherent within the traditional beliefs of knowledge. In the first case, Gettier supposes that the two subjects(Smith and Jones) are both applying for a certain job and that Smith has strong evidence that Jones will get the job and that Jones also has ten coins in his pocket. This proposition could be verified if Smith was assured by the president of the company that Jones would get the job and also that Smith had recently counted the number of coins in Jones’ pocket. From this proposition you can then go on to deduct that â€Å"The man who will get the job has ten coins in his pocket.† Gettier then supposes that Smith sees this and is justified in believing so. Now here’s the contradiction, imagine that unknown to Smith, he is actually the one who will receive the job and that also unknown to Smith, he coincidentally also has ten coins in his pocket.

The Federal Period :: essays research papers fc

The Federal Period   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The time after the Revolutionary War when America was beginning a new consciousness, marked by its recently acquired independence, was called the Federal Period. American furniture makers still modeled designs from England but soon created styles with balanced proportions and symmetrical lines associated with classical design. Styles were generally named for the monarchs who reigned or for the design influences that prevailed at the time the style was introduced. There was usually a time lag before the style became popular in America because much of America’s colonial population lived in rural areas where tradition was important and fashions changed slowly. A new style might be introduced in Boston at the same time an old style was still popular in the country.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The architectural designs emphasized high ceilings and large open areas which allowed for more decorative elements. A federal period parlor would typically have been decorated with the classically inspired wallpaper and moldings, swag curtains, and a carpet that resembled a Roman tiled floor. The use of decorative cotton dimity or chintz slipcovers were to protect the wool upholstery from insects and sun during the summer.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Furniture from this period is characterized by a delicate, geometric look and the use of classical motifs as urns and swags. Inlay, veneer, carving, and paint are used for decoration. Chairs have turned, reeded or tapered legs and square or shield shaped backs. The names of two English designers, Thomas Sheraton and George Hepplewhite are closely associated with these styles. One of the most popular designs was the Windsor chair which was used in every room of the house by the Federal Period. Many of the popular styles are shown on the page attached to this report.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  A lot of the furniture was made out of native black walnut, yellow pine, white oak, maple rose and satinwood. To lower the cost of the furniture the designers painted surfaces to simulate a rich wood or marble or gilded to imitate bronze mounts. The most popular kind of wood was the mahogany which made richer and more figured cuts. Mahogany wood made desks, sewing tables, Pembroke tables, sideboards, shield, oval and square-back chairs.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The Federal Period signaled the change from the master craftsmen, to the mass production of furniture.

American Culture Essay -- Sports Baseball Cultural Essays

American Culture It’s game six of the American League Championship Series. I’m sitting in front of a bunch of baseball-crazed fanatics wetting their pants, because the Red Sox have just pulled ahead nine to six in the ninth inning. â€Å"Go Sox!† â€Å"Yankees suck!† â€Å"Dude, toss me another brewskie.† Americans are fans at heart. We root for the home team, wear their colors, jump up and down following a great play, and threaten the television after an absurd call. Sports have proven to be an integral part in the creation of community identity throughout the last half of the century. Furthermore, American sports both reflect and shape our cultural ideas. They are rarely considered â€Å"just a game.† Sports are packed with several meanings: they are displays of patriotism, consumer spectacles and even morality lessons. By observing sports and their impact on American society, we can learn much about consumerism, political developments (both domestic and in ternational), racial relations, social classes, equality for women, and of course, community identity, including the condition of our cities. Since the 1950s, American sports are one of the most important institutions for us to raise and work through questions of race, gender, and class. The corporations who control the media coverage of sports tailor their coverage to Joe Six-Pack; and thus there is a lack of coverage of elitist sports such as water polo, tennis and sailing. Because of the media's target population, we are besieged with commercials for beer, automobiles, athletic shoes and deodorant. Our hard-earned dollars are rarely tempted to go towards healthy food items or prudent savings (light beer is not a healthy food). Gas-guzzling SUVs, beer, chips and dip are the consumables t... ... in your backyard or in the street, you can play hoops at any public school yard, you can bat a ball in any sandlot, but where do young people get experience in a pool or on a tennis court? Who can afford a round of golf? Tiger Woods is an enigma in a world of wealthy country clubs and green jackets. Indeed, American sports are a metaphor for American culture. When viewed through the lens of peanuts and beer, one gets a gooey, nostalgic, "take me out to the ball game" sensation. But you only need look below the surface to get a more disturbing view of some of our culture's most serious ills. Corporate control and gender, race and economic bias run rampant in our beloved sports arenas. And the latest barometer that measures the health of our sports culture is the fact that our heroes hit the front page not for their abilities, but for their sexual indiscretions.

Short Story evaluation template

A good short story includes the following: Interesting & appropriate title plot Theme / message Narrative style: telling a story Structure: Introduction, development, conflict, climax, resolution / conclusion Strong Introduction & conclusion: Introduction hooks the reader, conclusion leaves a lasting Impression on the reader. Conflict/ Issue / problem: Introduced & resolved. Suspense: The story must hold the reader's Interest.The problem presented early In the story Is developed steadily so that the reader's curiously Is stimulated; the reader then becomes more and more Involved In the story. Suspense reaches the highest point at the climax: this is the point where the problem Is resolved In some way. This then leads to the resolutions of the story. Tense: clear and consistent Distinctive tone: formal, informal, chatty, lively, exciting etc.. Strong, interesting and varied characters Narrator: who tells the story?Clear point of view: first / third person Paragraphs Good punctuation, spelling & grammar Setting: time & place Varied range of expression: adjectives, verbs, similes, metaphors, sensual images language, color, varied sentence length (short & long: allows description and creates tension & suspense) Dialogue: gives a good insight into characters, life styles, personalities, relationships Proof read: have you answered who, what, when, where, why & how questions Resolution: open or closed ending.

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Works such as ‘Plan' by Jenny Seville and ‘La Primeval' by Sandra Bottling, despite being from distinctly different time periods, are influenced by the social climate of the time and place in which they emerged. Whist Bottling inhabits a world influenced strongly by Pagan beliefs, Seville inhabits a secular world that is influenced mainly by media, hence their subject matter, the nude figure, are portrayed differently. Plan', a n OLL painting on canvas by Jenny Seville, Is a work dominated by the nude female figure who looks down toward her feet, and the viewer. The figure, who Is clearly the subject matter, is positioned so that it appears the viewer rests upon her quads. The figure Is depicted in ‘hues of mottled creams', her skin, as well as mauves and purples, alluding to lumpy textures, perhaps cellulite or bruises, but undeniably; flaws.The paint appears to be applied relatively quickly, in a wet on wet application, evident In the colors being somewhat convolu ted, but not completely blended Into en smooth and consistent color, rather blotchy mixes. The subject matter, the nude figure Is well built, and her stomach and thighs are covered In line reminiscent of a topographical map, or perhaps lines that a surgeon would use in surgery. Line is a dominant element in this work. Controlled and organic lines track and highlight the voluptuous forms of the curvaceous figure, much like a topographical map would display peaks, spurs and valleys.The proportion of the female nude's body is exaggerated by the perspective taken by Seville, making her appear very large, her thighs and stomach especially focused on. The composition Is also confronting with the pubic region, which Is often considered unsightly In today's society Is nearly central to the picture plane, unavoidable by the viewers eye. The figure also takes up the majority of the work, dominating roughly two thirds of the work. This visual weight, the figure dominating the work, is reminisc ent of the physical weight of the figure.The figure dominating the work almost forces the viewer to examine an image that might be considered as grotesque and flaw, confronting the viewer. Seville paints In a traditional and realistic style, depicting the subject matter, the female due, with a degree of realism. Seville inhabits a modern, secular world, so unlike figure painters before her, her paintings are not influenced by religious values. Rather, Seville is influenced by social media; the bombardment of images and ideas surrounding the perfect female figure, that plagues many women of today.Seville works with the idea that women are funneled into a mindset that they have to look a particular way; slim. Hence, her works optimize ‘heavily flagged feminist Ideology, as she exposed and De-constructs perceived beauty. Her work plan Is considered grotesque' by many viewers, and this is the re-action that she desires. Her works provoke questions such as why do you consider this work as grotesque? As Seville works with what are dubbed to be flaws', and paints to antipode to what is perceived to be the ideal figure.Alike to Propped', ‘Plan' has a element of graffiti, with the figure appearing to have been scribbled onto with lines reminiscent of ‘geographical rather ‘(cut) into the paint', hence evoking the idea of surgery. Thus, these lines serve to represent what we classify as imperfections, things we wish to remove in order to attain idealistic beauty. Seville is skeptical of the way that beauty is portrayed, especially critical of the male fantasy of what the female body is', as plan is the exact opposite of this fantasy. Plan' has emphasized aspects of the female figure that would be considered flaws'; the pubic hair region and a voluptuous figure, and highlights our aggressive and negative attitude toward these by drawing over them. With ‘Plan' Seville collapses the three spaces of studio, artist and model, rather than a Ã¢â‚¬Ë œone way transaction' where artist will pay a figure to do a sitting. Seville works redundantly from her own body, using several angled mirrors so that she can refer to herself and the painting whilst she works, as ‘self examination' (Seville).Seville refers to that way in which she paints as ‘really fast' and ‘kind of aggressively, using thick, and chisel brushes to create large areas of skin. This is evident in the texture of the skin being quite dappled, with a lumpy, even bruised appearance, rather than a smooth and consistent texture. The Wet on wet' application of oil paint is particularly evident in the figures analogous skin tones being dragged through one and other, reading a varied colored surface, rather than a smooth and consistent one.Contrastingly Photocell's tempura on board work, ‘La Primeval' (or Allegory of Spring), painted in in 1482 involved much meretricious techniques. Firstly, Photocell would have sketched the figures onto the boar, bef ore beginning the painting. Due to the paint pigments limited availability in the 1 5th century, having to be shipped from places such as Northern Africa, they are very expensive. Hence, Photocell, as not to waste paint would have only mixed small amounts at a time, thus painted small sections of the painting at a time.Renaissance style. ** The work consists of 9 figures including two zephyrs, with Venus being the central figure, against the forest setting. The figure's, in comparison to the lumpy dappled texture of Saukville nude in ‘Plan', is very smooth, blended until very consistent, of a porcelain white color. The idealistic portray of the figures is typical in the Renaissance period, as the figures would have been associated with Pagan beliefs, hence had to be desirable. The composition of the work makes Venus very much the central figure in the work.All other figures are touching one another, or are cropped, arterially obscured by the border, whereas Venus stands clearl y alone, separate, borders by dark methyl leaves which contrast against her pale, white-pearl colored skin. Additionally, Venus is situated centrally, with respect to hospital and vertical axis's, whereas the other figures are situated predominantly in the lower 2 thirds of the work. Hence, dominance and emphasis is given to Venus, above the others, as if a revered figure, reigning over the land.The work was created as a commission for the Medici family, likely created as a celebration for the wedding between Lorenz Medici ND Semiarid Piano which took place in May 1482. Created in Renaissance Italy, in the 1 5th century, â€Å"La Primeval† is clearly influenced by Pagan beliefs, which influenced society heavily in that time, evident in the characters and themes in the work. Thus, the central theme of the work is one of love and marriage and a message that when they occur in the ‘correct' order they bring forth sensuality and fertility.Situated leftmost in the work is Me rcury (or Hermes in Greek Mythology), messenger beauty and love. Their long flowing coverings area characteristic of Photocell's painting style. The viewer sees an older version of Venus in â€Å"La Primeval†, as opposed to the young Venus depicted in Botulism's â€Å"Birth of Venus†, who is now depicted fully clothed and matured. To Venue's right is Flora, God of Flowers, and to her right Chloride who is raped by Zephyrs, the figure to her right, who rapes her, and as an expression of his remorse, renames her Flora, God of Flowers.Venus is surrounded by the Merely plant, which typically represents sexual desire, marriage and child-bearing. Oranges are used in the trees above as a symbol of wealth, much like they are used in Jan Van Cock's ‘Arnold Portrait'. Interestingly there are no oranges about nymph, Chloride and Zephyrs, which suggests corruption and dies- approval of Zephyr's actions. Cupid, Venue's son, is situated directly above Venus and is derived from ancient art, and is armed with a bow and arrow, taking aim at the love struck three Graces.The flowers in the trees are painted with the kind of meticulous detail evident in International Gothic Style. Of the 190 different flower species identified in the work, they emphasis ideas such as love, fertility, beauty and re-birth. Unlike Seville, Bottling lives in a world centered around religion, a belief system; Paganism. Hence, the work is a narrative that is based on Pagan stories, such that of nymph Chloride becoming Flora.Additionally, this work being a commission, and the Medici would have been Pagan; this work would have had to have been relevant for them, as it would likely have been situated in their home. But today, that there are a variety of dominating religions, rather than Just one, and they do not dictate the way that we live, unlike in Italy in the 15th century. Botulism's gender as a man means that the work is quite subjective, as he represents female figures as ideali stic figures of desire. In contrast, Seville deconstructs this type of ideal; the way that women should look a particular way; skinny.Bottling portrays women, the subject matter, as desirable, whereas Seville, in antipode depicts a voluptuous figure, that could be regarded as flawed' or ‘grotesque' due to her curvy body shape. Seville and Bottling paint at a vastly different pace, with Seville painting ‘aggressively, quickly applying oil to the canvas, not even waiting for it to dry, whereas Bottling paints with meticulous detail, hence it takes him a long time. Composition is a key principle in both works, although, due to the amount of detail and amount of figures, Botulism's ‘La Primeval' is more complex.Seville places the figure centrally in the work, so that she is unavoidable to the viewer; confronting, and dominating, in the way that she figure takes up roughly 70 percent of the canvas. The viewer is confronted with what might be perceived as flaws'. The vie wer's eye is drawn past all these flaws; by the line of the gap between the figures meaty thighs, then the UN avoidable the pubic region being close to the centre of the work, the viewer's eye being drawn up past other flaws' such as the stomach and arms, to the face. Bottling utilizes composition in a different way, in that he creates emphasis on Venus.He does this by making her the sole figure that is not cropped or obscured from view by the border or making contact with another figure, making her disparate from the rest of the figures. He also places her centrally along the horizontal and vertical thirds of the work, and having dark merely plants surround her, as they contrast against her pale skin; thus emphasizing her. Both artists utilize color by using it to depict the subject matter, a greater range of color, as to depict the figures as clothed and also to create the background in great detail.

Jacksonian Democracy Dbq Essay

During the 1828 election when Jackson ran for office the second time he succeeded, as he did previously, but this time nothing stood in his way of becoming president. The Jacksonian Democracy that Jackson had brought into the government when he was elected was a true democratic movement that was dedicated to it’s egalitarian views. Although, in this time period the equal rights ideas were still mainly for the white men, disregarding women, African Americans, and the Native Americans. The Jacksonian Democracy was a large force in the individual rights for the working class, as interpreted in Document A; â€Å"The Working Men’s Declaration of Independence†, by George Henry Evans, as he says, â€Å"‘But when a long train of abuses and usurpations’ take place, all invariably tending to the oppression and degradation of one class of society, and to the unnatural and iniquitous exaltation of another by political leaders, ‘it is their right, it is their duty:’ to use every constitutional means to reform the abuses of such government, and to provide new guards for their future security.† In his writing he quotes parts of the declaration to make a point that what the forefathers had said could be used to represent the working class, and to make a point that it was the government’s duty to protect such men from the lack of opportunities that the government failed to give them and the rights that they failed to protect i n the previous year with various government leaders. When Jackson was re-elected in 1832, the renewal of the National bank was vetoed by Jackson, and some think that it’s simply because he had a strong dislike for the men that were for the bank. In his veto message, Document B, Andrew Jackson stated that, â€Å"It appears that more than a fourth part of the stock is held by foreigners,† and Jackson had had a strong dislike for foreigner’s, chiefly the British, since he was a young boy, â€Å"and the residue is held by a few hundred of our own citizens, chiefly of the richest class.† It could be interpreted through this that Jackson, along with his dislike for Clay, wanted to keep the American government and economy ruled solely by the Americans, not an outside force like the French and British. Andrew Jackson was a strong believer of Nationalist values, and his values contributed to the way he saw individual rights. Jackson viewed the nation as a whole, and just being American – granted, if you were a white male, not of Irish descent – than you it was your right to have the same liberties as everyone else. You could vote, own land, run for office, and have the same opportunities as someone from the upper class if you were among the poorest in the country. Among the many equal rights opportunities, many reform movements began to take place that brought a new light to the Jacksonian government. Public education became something that every child could receive until they reached the age of a secondary school student, and having every child receive education was a large part of his equal rights value. The two other reforms were for the criminally insane/mentally insane, the Asylum movement, led by Dorothea Dix, and the Woman’s rights movement. Although Jackson didn’t believe in the same rights of man and woman, the movement went along with the equal rights and opportunities of his government. With the three new reforms taking place in the United States, they benefitted from the others. Women were able to secure jobs as nurse and school teachers, but with many rules, the insane were able to escape from the criminal and terrible conditions they were residing in, and children, whether they be male or female, could receive a prop er education. One of the largest movements of the day was the Second Great Awakening – a religious movement. Many people were given more freedom when it came to their religion, some converting, others not. Those who converted to the newly introduced religions were able to express their religious beliefs, while one hundred years prior they could not as openly. Although some religions were seen as improper, they weren’t as harsh to those of other religions as they may have been in the past. As a result of the changes in the American lifestyle, members of the Jacksonian Democracy believed that it was their duty to preserve the nation in the way that they had seen it, and in their eyes they viewed themselves as â€Å"the guardians of the United States, political democracy, individual liberty, and equality of economic opportunity†.

Students Life

At school there is a range of academic pressure we feel, derived from a need for refection, worry over grades, parental pressure, competition, sports, or a tough class load. Academic pressure does not begin In college. The nervous breakdowns, panic attacks, burnouts, and depression are also apparent In many younger students. The same situation is not always stressful for all people, and all people do not undergo the same feelings or off-putting thoughts when stressed.Having a strong support network to fall back on when times get tough at school is critical to staying upbeat and maintaining a big picture perspective. Friends can be the best people to relieve your stress, but they can also be the reason behind the tress. Choose the friends that will be positive and supportive when the going gets tough. Having a good group of friends at help you maintain a healthy and enjoyable lifestyle. External Factors Managing Pressure Academic Pressure & Cheating Friends & Competition External forc es also create academic pressure.Many of us fail in the subject of time management and excel at procrastination. The cure requires dedication and commitment. Web, set a timer for 30 minutes. Time allocation helps divide the hours to reasonable amounts so you are not left at the 1 lath hour to complete homework. Some students Just want to take the easy way out and cheat. They may have Jobs after school to support their family or themselves, which carries a higher priority for them than school work. In the same context, many students feel that excelling in sports is a higher priority than school.Others may resort to cheating to make up for their lack of academic motivation or live up to the standards set up by older siblings or parents. Back to top There are many healthy ways to deal with academic pressure. If you don't feel motivated about a subject, arrange a study group. Reward yourself after completing very section. Other ideas include: Finish your work at a nearby cafe © or lib rary if the environment at home is not the best. If you play sports or work, take time to plan your hours to include more study time as well.If you know you have a big game coming up where you will be out for long practices, work ahead. Ask your teachers for assignments for the days you wont have sufficient study time. Make sure you maintain good sleeping and eating habits and, from time to time, go out for a run, a ride on your bike, and exercise. These will help alleviate your stress and get your body moving! Up in the morning' and out to school The teacher is teaching' the Golden Rule American history and practical math You studying' hard and hoping' to pass Working' your fingers right down to the bone – Chuck Berry, School Days Ring!Ring! That lethal sound can only mean one thing; it is September and school is back in session, and along with it are the wandering eyes, cheat sheets, stolen tests, and technology, of course. Cheating has become the method of survival, the on ly way to reach and maintain the top for many†¦ But there are better routes to reach number one while keeping your integrity intact. Cheating does not make you a smarter or better person. If you set reachable goals, study hard, and get outside help, you can succeed academically without cheating. Activities and fall back on cheating when time runs out. People also resort to cheating when they have been pressured too much by their parents, or even by themselves. Finally, if you are ever caught cheating, the teacher who catches you will tell the rest of your teachers, and their trust in you and your college recommendation letters go out the window. When Friendly Competition Goes Too Far I can speak from experience when it comes to that less-than-helpful sort of imputation between my friends and me that, often times, has been the cause of much of my academic stress.For myself, I didn't want to let my parents or myself down by failing, but I also didn't want to fall below the standa rds of my friends. And when your friends are all in the running for being the class valedictorian, it's hard! But it's important to set your own goals and take on your own responsibility. It's good to be proud of other's accomplishments, but it's important to be proud of your own hard work as well. So every once in a while, make sure to give yourself a pat on the back!

Co-Operative Sugar Mills Limited, Salem.

A Summer Project at Co-operative Sugar Mills Limited, Salem. SUMMER PROJECT REPORT Submitted by DHANABAL. K Register No: 713211631026 in partial fulfillment for the award of the degree of MASTER OF BUSINESS ADMINISTRATION IN RVS INSTITUTE OF MANAGEMENT STUDIES COIMBATORE – 641402 AUGUST 2012 RVS INSTITUTE OF MANAGEMENT STUDIES COIMBATORE -641 402 SUMMER PROJECT REPORT AUGUST 2012 This is to certify that the project entitled A Summer Project at Co-operative Sugars Limited, Salem. is the bonafide record of project work done by DHANABAL. K Register No: 713211631026 f Master of Business Administration during the year 2012-2013. MR. AJITH SUNDARAM DR. J. NIRUBA RANI (Project Guide) (Head of the Department) DECLARATION I affirm that the summer project work titled â€Å"CO-OPERATIVE SUGAR MILL† being submitted in partial fulfillment for the award of Master of Business Administration is the original work carried out by me. It has not formed the part of any other project work s ubmitted for award of any degree or diploma, either in this or any other University. DHANABAL. K 713211631026I certify that the declaration made above by the candidate is true. Mr. Ajith Sundaram ACKNOWLEDGEMENT â€Å"Gratitude is the music of our hearts. † A summer project of such a comprehensive finish cannot be completed without the help of numerous sources and people throughout the long rugged path of success. We realize this fact and so, we are greatly indebted to all of them and take this opportunity to thank them. First and foremost I would like to thank god almighty whose blessings made me to complete the training successfully. It is a great pleasure to acknowledge my sincere thanks to Dr. P. V. PRABHA, MBA, M.Phil, ICWA, PGDCA, Ph. D. , Director, RVS institution of management studies, Coimbatore for providing me an opportunity to get practical knowledge about my theoretical studies. I also thank Dr. J. NIRUBARANI, MBA, M. Phil, PGDCA, B. ED. , Ph. D. , Head of depart ment, RVS institution of management studies, for providing me an opportunity to undergo this internship training work. I indeed greatly thankful to my faculty guide Mr. AJITH SUNDARAM, B. TECH, MBA, MS(UK), Msc, (Ph. D. ), Assistant professor, RVS institution of management studies, thank him for guiding me to successfully complete the training.I wish to express my gratitude to all the staff members in the department of management studies for their encouragement for completing this training. I would like to my sincere thanks to Mr. S. Jayakumar, Sri Jayam Impex, Managing Director for the valuable help rendered to me by providing the necessary information, materials and co operation for the preparation of this summer training. Finally I would like to thank my parents and all my friends who have helped me immensely throughout the project work. TABLE OF CONTENTS CHAPTER NO. | TITLE| PAGE NO. | | INTRODUCTION| | | ABOUT THE INDUSTRY| | | ABOUT THE COMPANY| | | OBJETIVES OF THE STUDY| | 2 | DEPARTMENTS| | | PURCHASE| | | PRODUCTION | | | FINANCE| | | MARKETING / SALES| | | HUMAN RESOURCE| | 3| FINDINGS AND SUGGESTIONS | | 4| CONCLUSION | | 5| BIBLIOGRAPHY | | 6| APPENDICES | | INTRODUCTION INTRODUCTION: The Salem Co-operative Sugar Mills is situated on the banks of River Cauvery at a distance of 20 kms from Namakkal, which is the nearest town. The factory and residential colony is located in an extent of 148 acres of Pettapalayam Village.The Sugar factory plays a significant role in the social and economic uplift of people day and night and plays a significant role in essential item like sugar, molasses , bagasse , alcohols , and bio-fertile. Sugar cane is cultivated in more than 110 countries and India stands first in sugar production within around 20 established sugar factories and over 35 million farmers and agricultural labors involved in sugarcane cultivation and harvesting . Tamilnadu has a rich tradition of successful sugarcane cultivation . if occupies 2. 6la khs hectors representing 65% of cane, a major portion being crushed by 36 sugar factories in tamilnadu and Pondicherry. Benefit of these items is Industry related to regular activities of the common people in rural areas . in addition other by-products form sugar factories play a principal role in the foreign exchange in an indirect way. ABOUT THE INDUSTRY HISTORICAL BACKGROUD: Human, throughout its history, has enjoyed sweet food and link sugar brings out flavors, intensities colors and also acts as servitude and fermenting agent.In olden days we know that it is one of the cheapest sources of energy i. e. calories sweetness sources’ occurs aurally in plants. There is lack of statically data to determine when acne sugar became the principal sweetener in any given part of the world. But it can be stated that cane sugar was first made in India and achieved dominant status 2000 or more years ago. The earliest precise and secure date for manufacture of sugar from sugarcane is in the kautillya’s Arthshatra, a Sanskrit manual on statesmanship written in 324-300 B. C. autillya was government official. Cultivation of sugarcane as a commercial crop was widely spread in Ganges valley. Its organization systematic integration intro dependent parts to form a whole it is culture of relationship among various position or job. This structure of entity comprises horizontal and vertical authority relationship. It is system of the co-operative attainment of common purpose organization represents the hierarchical arrangement of various positions in the enterprises. Designing of an appropriate structure is essential for successful engagement.This several firm of organization but all of them are not suitable to all enterprises it depends upon the nature size and objectives of a particulars enterprises these for every department has to plan & developed an appropriate structure for itself. The search for job satisfaction seems to be going on at every level of the organi zations, by people all types of jobs, by young and old men and women, by white collar and blue-collar employees and by minority and majority. But according to Maslow, â€Å"Man is a wanting animal† As soon as one of his needs is satisfied another appears in its place this process is unending.It continuous from birth to death. Man continuously puts forth effort-works, if you please to satisfy his needs†. In such a continuous process of course, satisfaction in Seldom achieved. â€Å"The term job satisfaction refers to an employee’s general attitude towards his job. To the extent that a Person’s job fulfills his dominant need and is consistent with his expectations and values, the job will be satisfying†. Thus job satisfaction is essentially related to human needs and their fulfillment through work. COMPANY PROFILE The Salem Co-operative sugar mills ltd. Mohanur on agro-based industrial undertaking was established in Pettapalayam talus in Namakkal dist rict to fulfill the long felt need of the public in general and the sugar cane grower in particular. This area was traditionally a cane potential area. Normally the bulk of cane grower in this area was sent to namakkal district coop. sugar mills to cater to the need of the sugar cane grower of this area sugar factory was established with a crushing capacity of 2,500 TCD at a total project cost of Rs. 3,300. 00 lakhs. This sugar factory is situated Pettapalayam village, Mohanur talus in namakkal district about 20Kms from amakkal town and 50Kms fro Salem city. The location of the mills is 5Kms from Salem to Vellore main road. The area of the mills is 96. 14 acres. The mill was registered under the tamilnadu co-operative society’s act 1961 and 25th November 1987. The foundation stone was laid by the hon’ble chief minister of tamilnadu Dr. kalaingnar on 13. 05. 1990. The factory commenced its first crushing season on 1st October 1992. The unique feature of the mills is ins talling of 2. 5 MW co-generation plant using the bagasse as raw material at a cost of 01. 23 crores.The mill has obtained ISO 9001-2000 certificate during 2003 for a period of three years and subsequently renewed up to June 2009. To improve the mill efficiency, boiler efficiency and quality of sugar-modernization of mills and boiler with DCS system and installation of rotary screen for filtering the bagacillo in cane juice installation of auto PH control system, the tender finalized. The government of tamilnadu has sanctioned Rs. 57. 50lakhs under part II scheme. The Sugar Mill was registered under TamilNadu Co – operative Act on 29. 08. 1966 and was started in 15. 12. 966. The commencement of production activities stated in 20. 12. 1972. Another unit was started 28. 02. 1987 and its capacity was increased to 2000 TCD. The Industry covers a total land area 171. 73 acres including 20 acres for area of cane cultiration. 76. 73 acres for area of factory, 45 acres for housing and colony administrative office and 30 acres for Polytechnic. The area of operation covers entire Denkanikottai, Namakkal Pennagaram taluk part of Namakkal, Pochampalli taluk Namakkal District and Kadyampatti firika Omalur (T. K) in Salem District. CANE INFORMATIONSugar cane is a traditional crop of India and it’s under cultivation since time immemorial in the indo-gangetic belt. There are numerous mentions of sugar cane in several of our ancient books such as â€Å"Atharva Veda†, â€Å"Rig Veda† etc dataing back to 1000BC TO 3000BC. Foreign travelers to Iandia, about 2000 years ago, have mentioned about sugar cane. Buddhist literature has several mentions of sugar cane and sugar. GENERAL AWARDS TO THE MILL * Tamilnadu co-operative union, selected their mill for the best co-operative sugar mill in tamilnadu continuously for 06 years from 1979-83. The national federation of co-operative sugar factories limited also awarded Second prize in tamilnadu level cane devel opment (low recovery zone )at 2002-2003. * Tamilnadu government award first for the recovery and production of sugar in 2003. QUALITY POLICY The salem co-operative sugar mills ltd. ,consistently manufacture and deliver sugar of quality that comply with national and standard by 1. Strict adherence to product quality requirements and management system 2. Ongoing training and effective communication 3. Team effort and contribution by individuals in continual improvement programs.The salem co-operative sugar mills is situated and the salem dam at distance of 25 kms, from udumalpet which is the nearest town the factory and residential colony is located in an extent of 158 acres of krishanapuram village. AREA OFOPERATION The salem co-operative sugar mills LtdArea of Operation consists of a Tirupur district (Madathukulam taluk part, Udumalpet taluk part, palani taluk part), in Coimbatore district (pollachi taluk part,) and near around 86 village level. Our Sugar Mills consists of 4 divisio ns and 2 sub divisions in which 12 cane sections are functioning Objectives of the millsThe main objective of the mill shall be manufacture of white sugar from Sugarcane and the sale if sugar so manufactured along with the by products to the best advantage of the members. Management The management of the mill was vested committee of the management comprising of 21 directors nominated by the Government of Tamilnadu. The term of office of the committee expired on 31/07/87. Now the Government has appointed an Administrator in the place of the committee of management. Production capacity Initially the mill was installed to crush 1250 TCD (Tones of crushed per Day).From the year 94-95, crushing season the crushing capacity has increased from 1250 TCD to 1500 TCD. Total number of employees There are 450 workers and officers workers in TCSM. 175 NMS are working in the mills. There is also a full timeMedical officer appointed for dispensary inside the mill preises. Departments There are sex departments in TCSM. They are 1. Purchase 2. Production 3. Quality Control 4. Stores 5. Sales 6. Accounts 7. Cane SCOPE & OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY The Objectives of the study are: * To familiarize with business and service organization. To Getting practical experience regarding the organization function. * To learn about the policies and function of the organization. * To get industrial exposure and experience. * To understand the production and selling methods. SCOPE OF THE STUDY * The study is mainly based on the details collected from each department. * It provides better understanding at function level of each department. I. e Purchase, production, sales, finance and human resource management. * Each and every activity of the company has been studied very carefully with the data available. Apart from that I gained knowledge of the functioning of different department and their inter relationship with each other. * This study helped me familiarize with the manufacture and selling the sugar. OBJECTIVE OF THE ORGANIZATION OBJECTIVE OF ORGANIZATION: * To become the preferred of personnel by offering highest quality of work life n the industry. * To be the most outstanding supplier in the industry during by meeting customer expectations. * To be the first place among locations in the company in ‘earnings per employee’ ratio in the industry during the present decade. To achieve at least 10% growth every year in turnover, profits and value addition. * To implement measures to ensure zero defects, there by customer delight will be achieved. * To raise share capital and deposits from the members. * To raise loans supplementary loans and in term loans supplementary loans and in term loans for investment in Block assets. * To provide welfare facilities for the employees. * To recruit and appoint on Permanent, Temporary contract basis or in any other manner considered necessary by the committee of the society. To undertake measured for the increased produced of sugar cane and supply of seeds manure, implements, irrigation facilities and other products requested and provisions of technical advice regarding improved cultivation practices. * To run educational and technical institutions for the benefit of cane growing members and employees of the sugar mill. * To provide for the welfare of the person employed by the Co – operative society. AREA COVERAGE: * Early and Mid season planting * 70% * Late season planting * 20% * Special season planting 10% SEASONS FOR SUGARCANE * Early –December –January (Margazhi –Thai) * Mid –February –March (Masi –pankguni) * Late –April –May (chitthirai-vaikasi) * Special –June –August (Aanni-Avani) COMPANY VISION AND MISSION: VISION: * To become no. 1 among all cooperative sugar mills in the state in all aspects. * Empower employees for shouldering higher responsibilities resulting in job enrichment and jo b satisfaction. * Aim to grower in business and to make the senior officials of by grooming and motivating them. MISSION: Strive to achieve excellence in manufacturing sugar through our dedicated, loyal and committed work force to enhance customer satisfaction. * Strive to achieve maximum value addition trough the most effective use of resource. PURCHASE DEPARTMENT PURSCHASE DEPARTMENT INTRODUCTION: Subramanian Siva co-operative sugar mills handle the scientific and modern methods’ of management to procure their Raw materials for the production. Brine reading is the instrument used to measure the sugar contents of the sugar cane. If the content of sugar is low; the sugar cane will be allowed to grow for one or more months.They get the sugar cane form gopalapuram, dharmapuriDistricts. LIST OF SUPPLIERS: In respect of the sugar units in Tamilnadu, there is a list of registered suppliers for subiramaniya Siva Co-Operative Sugar Mill, such as Calcutta, Bhubaneswar and Cuttack whi ch are suppliers of raw materials, who are notified sugar belts in India? The name and address of the suppliers are maintained by the purchase in charge staff. This list has to be updated as per the format then and there, whenever new vendors are added, the supplier’s registers are to be maintained as per the format. ENQUIRY:As soon as the valid purchase requisites are received, local city or head office shall float Enquiries as to whenever cane is to be sent to the manufactures. PURCHASE ORDER: The purchase orders are to be paced by the department of purchase with the approval of the approval of the Deputy Manager (DGM). These Purchase orders placed under the conditions are supervisions of Deputy General Manager (DGM). TERMS AND CONDITIONS OF PURCHASE ORDER: The purchase order must contents the complete satisfaction of the materials. The details are as follows: 1. Quantity 2. Mode of delivery 3. Price 4.Duties and Tax Insurance 5. Order number 6. Pre-payment Great care is ta ken by the officials before placing the order, to avoid over stocking and loss of interest. The breakup delivery schedules are strictly followed to avoid losses when planning bulk-orders. The purchase copies are distributed to various levels of the Organization and vendors. Usually 7 copies of purchase bills prepared. 1. Original copy to supplier 2. Copy to Vice-President 3. Copy to Senior Manager 4. Copy to Stores 5. Copy to indenting department 6. Copy to purchase department 7. Copy to General Manager PAYMENT PROCEDURES:Salem Co-Operative Sugar Mill and chemicals Ltd. , follows the following procedures for Payments. Minimum 30 days of credit is required Stocks are sent through bank/directly Some purchases are made by cash. No advance is paid. CANCELLATION OF PURCHASE ORDER: The purchase order may be cancelled with the approval of Deputy General Manager Specifying requirements. RECEIPTS AND INSPECTION OF MATERIALS: The consignments are received and formally scheduled against the pu rchase order and the purchase order and the invoice issued by the suppliers. Acknowledgements are issued to carriers.Acknowledgements are issued to suppliers. The Storekeepers takes the responsibility of these goods STORES DEPARTMENT: An organization can have various types of stores like raw materials, store, processed or semi-finished material store, finished goods store and so on. Such range from ordinary one with shelves and bins to cold or dehumidified storage, huge silos for storage of food grains or bonded stores for keeping goods on which customs and excise duties have not been paid. Storage is essential part of the economic cycle and stores management is today a specialized function which can contribute significantly.DUTIES AND RESPONSIBILITIES OF STOREKEEPER: To receive the materials. To keep materials in the right place and in the manner Prescribed. MAJOR RESPONSIBILITIES OF STORES DEPARTMENT: * The major responsibilities of stores are listed below: * Identification of all material stores. * Receipt of incoming goods. * Inspect of all receipts. * Stores and preservation. * Materials handling. * Packing. * Issue and dispatch. * Maintenance of stores records. * Stores accounting. * Inventory control * Stock taking. PRODUCTION DEPARTMENT PRODUCTION DEPARTMENTProduction means creation of utilities and covers all the activities of procurement, allocation and utilization of resources such as labor, energy, materials, equipment, machinery, etc. production management involving planning, organizing, directing and controlling the production system. Management is the process of effectively programming, co-coordinating, controlling production. ABOUT THE SUGAR Sugar is an essential item of everyday food in human life. It is the provider of chief source sweetness to the food. Sugar is a carbon-hydrate which suppliers to the human about 13% of energy required for his existence.It supplies energy to the human body more quickly and more effectively. Apart from these, it is a cheaper source of energy than any other common food. PRODUCTION CAPACITY Initially the mill was installed to crush 2000 TCD (tones of cane crushed per day). From the year 2009-2010, crushing season the crushing capacity has increase from 2000TCD to 2524 TCD. PRODUCTION PERIOD: Sugar is produced for a period of only 6 months in SSCSM from November to april since the recovery rate is high only in this period. FUNCTION OF FACTORY MANAGER: Production planning * Production control Quality control * Inventor control * Material handling * Work measurement * Cost control * Wage incentive to workers * Standardization and storage DUTIES OF DEPUTY CHIEF ENGINEER: The deputy chief engineer is responsible for the overall maintenance and working of factory machinery. He is answerable to the factory manager with respect to the working of the machinery. He prepares the purchase indents statements concerning the factory. Makes periodical checkups and ensures that all the safety arrangements , in asccordance with the factories Act, are duly complied with.He supervises the works of assistant engineer, supervises, typist and other workers is answerable on their part to the factory manager. DUTIES OF ASSISTANT ENGINEER (Civil): The assistant engineer (Civil)is responsible for the civil works of the entire factory. He looks the construction activities, if any, is responsible for repair works, patching works and overall maintenance of the factory buildings. He makes plans, schedules, etc for the construction and maintenance works and makes sure the buildings and premises and in accordance with the provisions of the act. DUTIES OF CHIEF CANE OFFICER: To target for cane cultivation in the cane command area of SSCSM * To issue cultivation orders at the due date to the members and cane growers of SSCSM DUTIES OF COME DEVELOPMENT OFFICER: * Supervise cane planting work. * Introduce new cane varieties to the cane assistant. * Advice others on the application of pesticides. * Check whether the members (subscription) share amount is received and deposited in the bank. * Convene meetings, supervise, issue circulars and verify cane weighment. CONSTITUENTS OF CANE JUICE: A) Water- 75 to 80 % b) Sucrose – 10 to 20 % c) Reducing sugar-0. to 3 % d) Organic matter other sugar – 0. 5 to 1% e) Inorganic compounds- 0. 2 to 0. 6 % f) Ash – 0. 3 to 0. 8% g) Total solids (Brick) – 12 to 23 % PLANT LAYOUT: There is sufficient area in the cane yard for unloading. Boilers are in straight line with mill house and preparatory devices. Power turbine is between mill and boilers. Juice weighing scale is located at the mill from where it is easy to know the quantity of juice entering the boiler house. DM plant is located to the boiler section. BAGGASE Baggase is the first by-product of cane sugar production.The fibrous residual matter left out after extraction of sugar cane juice is known as baggase. It contains about 48. 50% moisture, 48. 0% fibred and 2. 40% sugar and other minor constituents. It has been mainly used as fuel in boiler to raise steam. Nowadays it can be used for paper production. FILTER CAKE It is obtained from the cane juice, which is used as manure. In the process of clarification, the hot limed juice is delivered to large setting tanks. Horizontal compartments or tragus enable mud to slow down, and each having over flow take off clarified juice. The mud’s separating in the settling tanks is pumped to rotary filters.Here they are filtered under vacuum using some Powdered bagasse (bagacillo) as a filter aid. The PH of the mud to be filtered will be around 7. 5. the temperature of sludge is maintained around 60 C to enable effective filtration. The cake is continuously washed on the filter and some sugar is recovered here. The cake is rich in protein and waxes. MOLASSES Molasses is one of the important by-products; its production depends on the total quantity of cane crushed as well as varies from region. T he increases in the percentage of sucrose in molasses greatly affect the final quantity of sugar. molasses is the final effluent obtained in the preparation of sugar by repeated crysllization; it is the heavy viscous liquid from which no further sugar can be crystallized by the usual methods. WATER Commercial molasses have an average water content of 20%. The original end-products in the factory contain 12-17% water. The principal sugar present in the molasses is sucrose, glucose and fructose the later two making up the reducing sugars. The alkaline degradation of sucrose leads not only to glucose and fructose but also to psicose and other carbohydrates.Molasses sometimes contain another non-reducing sugar namely the trisacharide ketoses. QUALITY CONTROL DEPARTMENT: By the term quality control, we mean the process of control where the management tries to confirm the quality of the product in accordance with the predetermined standards and specification. It is a systematic control of those variables that affects the excellence ultimate products. OBJECTIVES OF QUALITY CONTROL; The following are the main objectives of quality control department: To assess the quality of the raw materials, semi-finished goods and finished products at various stages of production process.To see whether the product confirms to the pre-Determined standard and specifications and whether it satisfies the need of the customers. To issue the stores on proper authorizations and to proper persons following correct procedure and of course, within least possible time. WORK PERFORMED BY QUALITY CONTROL UNIT: * To see that the sugar properly granulated and is in the shape of cubes. * To see if the color of that sugar is white in color and if not return then for reprocessing. * The check whether the density of sugar cube is 650 microns. * The check the sweetness level of sugar by performing various chemical experiments.GODOWNS: Fro storing sugar and the other by-product separate godowns have be en arranged by the SSCSM. The godowns have been constructed and machines such as conveyor belts have been arranged so that sacks of sugar can be easily stacked and easily counted. Sugar godowns are always kept dark and no electric lines pass near it to avoid any outbreak of fire. The temperature and humidity levels are kept at optimum levels so as to store the sugar for long period. SSCSM there are two godowns maintains. This godowns capacity for 40000 tones (god own I is 30000 tones and god own II is 10000 tones)DUTIES OF GODOWN KEEPER: * The god own keeper is in charge of god own and he maintains all the details regarding the god own. * This work is continuous in nature. * He maintains records as to the incoming and outgoing stock of sugar and other by-product. SALES DEPARTMENT SALES DEPARTMENT STRUCTURE OF SALES DEPARTMENT Chief Administrative Officer Assistant Sales Manager Sales Ass Clerk Sales function is a very vital phase of the company. Actually, the major problem of today ’s company is not that of production but is that of sale.With the immense competition at every step of marketing, the problem of sales has outstripped the problem of production. Sales department is one of the important departments in SSCSM. Staffing pattern of Sales Department: Sales in charge _ senior clerk – junior clerk _ At tender Sales process: Sugar: The government of gopalapuram initiates the sales process of the mill. The government grants release order to the mill according to the [email  protected] 10% of manufactured white sugar is sold to Government societies and controlled rate and the rest 90% is allowed to be sold in the open market.The mill for such open market sale has appointed agent and he agent is Tamil Nadu Co-operative sugar federation Ltd. , Chennai. Rates levied by mill for sugar supplied to the government societies: Particulars| Amt,(Rs. )| Sale price (100kg. )| 1826. 54| Excise duty| 52. 00| Total | 1878. 54| Rates levied by the mill for sug ar sold to the open market through agent: Particulars| Amt. (Rs. )| Sale price (100 kg. )| 2865. 00| Excise duty| 85. 00| Total | 2950. 00| By- products Apart from selling white sugar, the mill is also engaged in selling the by- products, which are sold following rates.Sales activities regarding Molasses: Sales activities regarding Bagasse Sales activities regarding Filter- mud Sales activities regarding Molasses Molasses are the residues that are left over as concentrated cane juice is converted into sugar seed. Molasses are oil like residues and are disposed off by the mill in the open market. Sales Department is concerned with the sale of molasses and the method it adopts in disposing them is as follows: The Sales Department, at the end of each financial year places an advertisement in the newspapers inviting tenders from the interested and eligible persons and corporations.The last date for receiving tenders is fixed in the tenders and at the lapse of time, the tenders received till date are compared and the company quoting the highest rate is selected. The molasses are supplied to this company at the throughout the year. Normally, breweries and manufactures of alcohol are the purchasers of molasses and they supplied at the following rates: Particulars| Amt. (Rs. )| Sale price (100 kg. )| 1200. 00| Excise duty| 50. 00| Total| 1250. 00| Sales activities regarding Bagesse:Bagesse is the woody residue that is leftover as the juice from the cane is fully extracted. The Bagesse so extracted is largely used for generating power for the mill use. The sales Department dispose of the remaining Bagesse in the same manner as molasses. Tenders are invited alongside with molasses and are floated in the open market. Just like the sales process of molasses, the quotations is selected are successful contenders supplied Bagasse throughout the year. Normally, paper mills are the purchasers of Bagasse and the same is disposed off in the following rates Particulars| Amt. Rs. )| Sale price (100 kg. )| 600. 00| Excise duty| 50. 00| Total | 650. 00| Sales activities regarding Filter-mud Filter mud separated from centrifugal. This mud is used for agricultural purposes. Particulars| Amt. 9Rs. )| Sale price (100 kg. )| 23. 00| Excise duty| 0. 00| Total | 23. 00| Further, the Sales Department is in charge of disposing off scrapped machineries and tools which are sold at auction. Book maintained by Sales Department: * Sales Day Book * Sales Returns Book Sales Day Book: The mill in the sales day records all sales transaction.This register contains the details of the sales made by the mill. Sales Returns Book: This register contains the details of the sales returns made by the due to defective quality of material or damaged goods FINANCE DEPARTMENT FINANCE DEPARTMENT accounting is an ancient art, which was followed mainly to record transactions of the business to satisfy the requirements imposed by the fiduciary relationship between the business such as creditors , financial institution, etc. it is the skeleton part of every organization without which an organization is difficult to survive.However, the modern accounting is much more development and scientific where they use accounting principles for taking decisions and plans accordingly Duties of Accountants: * To control the activities of accounts department and ensure its smooth functioning. * To take responsibility of maintenance of accounts. * To fix the norms of expenditure and instruct the sub-ordinates to comply with them. * To prepare annual accounts and publish them. * To supply financial information to the concerned persons. Functions of Accounts Department: * Maintaining cashbook and bankbook. * Preparing debit and credit notes. Posting journals to ledger books. * Maintaining general ledger book. * Preparing the Trial Balance, profit and loss account and Balance sheet. Books maintained by the Accounts Department: Subsidiary books: Subsidiary books are prepared to record day to a ctivities of the mail. The subsidiary books include purchase books, sales books, purchase returns book, sales returns book, etc General Ledger: Journal entries are posted to the General Ledger books and in the SSCSM, the General Ledger books may be classified as follows: Capital ledger books: * Capital ledger book is a composite of the following books: * Shape capital book. General reserve book. * Sundry creditors. * Sundry debtors. * Fixed asset. Purchase ledger. Expense and other incomes ledger. Vouchers: Vouchers are the documentary evidence in support of the transactions in the books of accounts. Vouchers are receipt or document showing the payment of money. Accounts Departments of SSCSM prepares:1)Cash vouchers. 2)Bank vouchers. Cash vouchers: Cash vouchers are prepared for all the transactions involving the cash payment upto Rs. 500. Bank vouchers: Bank vouchers are documents made either through bank or for directly for the supporting of the mill.Journals: Journals are the pri me entries of transactions which help in the preparation of ledger accounts. In SSCSM, the journals book is a loose-left book and entries are entered in a paper and then filed. These entries are recorded whenever transactions occur. Depreciation Schedule: The SSCSM follows written down method of computing depreciation and recorded separately. Debit Note: If a part of the consignment is returned for certain reasons or the invoice is found to have been wrongly overcharged, a debit note is prepared and sent to the supplier.Credit note: If the invoice is understated as to the amount, a credit note is sent to the supplier effecting adjustment in accounts. Bank reconciliation statement: Sometimes it happens that passbook does not agree with the cashbook maintained by the accounts department. To overcome this difference, a bank reconciliation statement is prepared by the account department. I. Trial balance Trial balance is the summarized statement showing the debit and credit balance of t he ledger account and states the accuracy of the accounting process by balancing both sides.II. Trading and profit & loss account: Trading and profit & loss is a statement showing the expenses and incomes relating to the production and administration activities of the mill. III. Balance sheet: Financial position of the mill is ascertained in the balance sheet which is a composite of assets and liabilities. PERSONNEL DEPARTMENT: Personnel department is the most important department in any organization, which deals with most important factor that factor. This department is primarily concerned with human relationship with the company.The personnel function is concerned procurement, development, compensation, , maintenance, records, research and audit of the personnel of an organization for the contributing towards the accomplishment of the organization’s major goals or objectives of the organizations. HUMAN RESOURCE DEPARTMENT HUMAN RESOURCES DEPARTMENT INTRODUCTION: Department is the most important wining in the organization, planning, developing and co-coordinating the human resource committees department. HR is working under the direct control of the factory manger.The HR department is one of the important departments, which looks the whole department in the organization. The hr department in SSCSM is full control over the safety, welfare, security, administration in the organization. HUMAN RESOURCE DEVELOPMENT: * To determine in company promotion. * To develop the full potential of employees and the departments. * To facilities selection and appointment. * To help the management for developing and training programs. * To help to identify the worthy people. * To support wage and salary administration. FUNCTION OF HRD: The main function of this department is to control allocate and co-ordinate the employees. Recruitment of staff, workers, etc. , in co-ordination with the department heads. Maintains of proper personnel records and files for staffs and fol low up of the matters concerned with the increments, promotion, allowances, leave etc. * To maintain proper liaison with the accounts department regarding payment of wages etc. , by giving proper information regarding increase of wages and other claims etc. Working hours are strictly maintained by way of punching system with fully computerized mechanism. ADMINISTRATIVE SETUP OF HRD:The Human Resource Department in SSCSM works very effectively to obtain the objectives of the company, in a sugar factory, Human force is the main machine used to produce the sugar, therefore maintaining good relationship among the person is essential, this is possible and effective through the proper functioning of Human Resource Department. SPECIAL OFFICER DEPUTY MANAGER STAFF TIME OFFICE RECRUITMENT: To process of filling the various positions in an organization by selecting suitable and qualified person are called as recruitment, In Subramanian Siva co-operative sugar mills ltd recruitment is done in two ways.Application are called for through advertisement in newspapers, The details of the position, scale of pay, qualification needed, experience required and other details are also published, Subramanian Siva co-operative sugar mills ltd is followed the principle Hire Ship employment, through the voluntary retirement scheme (VRS) any employee can get retirement and provide an opportunity for his son or son-in-law to get a job in the organization. SELECTION: The selection interview is the formalities arranged to select highly intellectual genetic and creative staff to the company, the skills are tested appointment.After receiving the application from candidates for the vacancies, they will be called for selection, they selection is two types. WORKING HOURS: Subramanian Siva co-operative sugar mills ltd works continuously for 7 days in a week and are rightly supported by the employees, the time schedule is strictly followed and maintained, The employees can take 5 minutes as late, salary will be reduced according to the standing order, Monthly one hour permission is allowed by the company. PAYMENT OF WAGES: As per payment of wages act 1936. pesonnel department is sole responsible for the payment of wages.Every month of 1st day the employees are allowed to get wages. There is no delay in payment. Following are the deductions made from wages. * Recovery of loan * Loss of pay for absent * Standard deduction * Co-operative society bill * Insurance CONTRACT LABOUORS: * Security * Sugar loading * Sugar unloading * Stores materials loading and unloading * Civil works * Garden maintenance There are 3 Shift timing is as follows; 1st Shift – 6am to 2pm – 278workers 2nd Shift – 2pm to 10pm – 262workers 3rd Shift – 10pm to 6am – 250workers GENERAL SHIFT:Workers – 8. 30am to 5. 00pm Staff – 9. 00am to 5. 00pm Lunch Time – 1. 00pm to 1. 30pm General shift is engaged with 196 employees, totally there are 380 em ployees including officers. Manufacturing – 101workers and officials Engineering – 147workers and officials Cane – 74workers and officials Administration – 58workers and officials The company strictly follows the attendance for the employees. The exemption and permission are granted only for 5 minutes.After the time lag of 5minutes, the employee is marked as ‘Late’. If the employee is late by 10minutes of his shift time the employee is concerned as ‘Absent’. In SSCSM, computers are used to maintain the attendance of the employee. Each employee is allotted with a card namely â€Å"Punched card†. On the arrival, the employee inserts the card into the card-reader of the computer. The computer registered his name and marked the attendance automatically into its memory. The person in the time office checks this entry and everyone is having a â€Å"code word†. TYPES OF THE WORKERS: * Permanent workers-187 * Seasonal worke r-170employees Non-seasonal worker/regular workers-102employees * Trainees-2 * Government Apprentices-1 * Casual workers-10 LEAVE: * Routine leave * Sick leave * Privilege leave * Casual leave * Holidays * Gratuity Routine leave: Seventh day of every week is provided as routine leave for all the staff and is considered as a holiday. Sick leave: The sick leave is allowed for 7 days to the workers during their sick periods. But 30 days credit is allowed for each employee and they should submit a doctor’s certificate. Privilege leave: Those workers who have worked for more than one year are eligible to enjoy the privilege leave.Staffs and workers are eligible for 19 days. The workers can keep unto 30 days as credit and staffs unto 42 days as credit in their account and any leave more than 42 days is considered as absent. The workers have to work 20 days to reduce one day in his privilege leave account. Casual leave: Each worker is allowed 10 days as casual leave without any cons ideration. Holidays: Subramanian Siva co-operative sugar mills ltd allowed holidays for 9days, which includes 4 nationals holidays. Any employee is working on these days is eligible to get double wages. EMPLOYEES PROVIDENT FUND: All employees are eligible for provident fund contribution. 2%empolyee’s contribution and 12% employer’s contribution. After completion of 7years the employees can apply for loan. Ex: Medical expenses, children’s marriage, construction of house etc. The following forms are used in SSCSM: Form 2 – nomination Form 12 notify net balance Form 3A yearly account Form10C scheme certificate Form10D pension Form 13 TRANSFER OF PF/EPF A/C Form 19 claiming of PF PENSION: Pension fund was introduced since 1995.The employees are allowed to get 8. 33% as pension. The employees are eligible for pension, if he is service after the age of 58 of workmen compensation Act. This fund is called employees deposits. Linked insurance (EDLI), after is all owed up to maximum Rs. 62. 500 at the time of his death. BONUS: Bonus is given to all employees according to the provisions of payment of bonus Act. The company provides 20. 7% as bonus SAFETY: The management takes various steps to ensure safety for the employees. All the regulations as per the factories Act, the welfare for the employees are strictly followed. MEDICAL FACILTIES:The employees are provided with the free medical service in the factory. There is a doctor’s available in the campus for 3 hours in a day and a staff nurse for all 24 hours. UNIFORMS: The workers are provided with sales of new uniforms every year. The color of the uniforms employees. The company also provides shoes, gloves and jackets to specific workers in the plant. CANTEEN: Canteen is run by the management. It provides food and tea at a subsidized rate. The company provides tea without cost. It is supplied on the spot in morning and evening at 11’o clock respectively. The company provides te a and biscuits to the workers who in night shift.COMMUNICAION: The communication procedure followed is very efficient. The message is conveyed with the help of circulars and notices to the employees and the oral communication system is followed. Intercom facilities are available for works. Public telephone is provided for the workers can be used by paying for the same. CIVIL SECTION: The civil section department concentrates on all civil works which is necessary both inside and outside the factory. It maintains the following things. * Drivers’ rest room * Cane growers rest room * Water supply * Quarters * Employers rest room and * Road maintenance PROBLEMS AND ISSUSESProblems and issues Internship training is one of the important part in MBA, internship training gives lot of benefits to the students; they are getting the practical knowledge in all aspects. While studying theoretically they don’t know the actual accurate meaning of a topic, but internship training givin g that. At the same time some problems also happened during the internship training, most of the industries don’t allow the students for the internship training, because they don’t like to publish their company matters in to the external factors and also they don’t like to disturb their employees work.There are several problems during the internship training that are classified in to: Problem faced by student I met a lot of problems during the internship training program; the company didn’t allow me for do my training. After five days from the starting stage only got permission that too by the recommendation. They told me a lot of instructions at first i. e, they don’t to give the exact financial information and they didn’t allow to take a photos of the machinery they gave me the booklet of the machinery, from which I got some ideas about production process.I was permitted 3 days a week for visiting the machinery that too in the early mornin g or in the after noon section. Because that time only the machinery in the shutdown stage During the working progress they don’t allow me inside the production plant, they feel that it is not safe for me, but if they have allowed me it will be little bit helpful for me to understand the production rather than now. Inside the production plant there are large number of glass powder dusts in the floors and walls, which made some defects in my skin. problem faced by the Organization: Last year all the employees strike at four times. For the reason of they want to salary for their qualification and their level based. * Government announced your requested is going on but till now this problem not solved. FINDING AND SUGGESTION FINDING AND SUGGESTION This Coop. Sugar Mills records shows that gradual improvements and depressions continued successively. Because of some factors like government policies in setting minimum support price for sugarcane, levy for sugar trade, less quality sugarcane, monsoon failure and other factors.In financial aspect, level of debt is high when compared to their equity’s position. So, this is riskier for this sugar mill. My suggestion for this sugar mill is try to get stimulus package from Government. This Government undertaking co-operative sugar mill’s main objective is to provide service not for profit. So in this type of situation, this mill must require some financial help from our Government to continue this type of services. Also by implementing Co-Generation, Distillery and Ethanol Projects, the Mill relieve from the clutches of financial burden and survive in the coming years.The production machinery is all has heavy damage so its need for change new one its will be increase the output level and produce more quality product. A government takes the action means easily solve problem and avoid stick getting higher production. The standard norm for the current ratio is 2:1. from the study it is inferred that the current ratio of the firm is almost satisfying the standard norm and from the financial position itself we can find that the company’s financial position is sufficient.From the study it is inferred that the quick ratio of the company is fluctuating over the years The study period which is also showing a fluctuating trend, decline in the cash ratio is because of payment of credit and unavailability of cash in hand. The inventory turnover ratio is indicates favorable over the year The debtors turnover ratio increasing and decreasing the every years The fixed assets of the company from 2006-2007 to 2010-2011 is fluctuating. The FATR ratio is also indicating a fluctuating tendency.In an decreasing trend of fixed assets. The forecasted value of working capital shows increasing value of a deficiency of working capital. Due to increase in sale The forecasted value of sales shows an increasing trend. The forecasted value of profit shows an increasing trend. The forecasted value of cu rrent asset shows an increasing trend. SUGGESTIONS Current year net profit ratio better than 2007-2008 because of positive results The current ratio in 2007-2008 Cash ratio increase the every year, so able to spend the office expenses.Inventory holding period increase the current year. The debtors of the company is increasing over the years, company should adopt a competent credit policy to attract the customers. Increasing debtors is a solution to overcome the liquidity problem. The amount of working capital of the company is increasing the last four years. So the company should increase the current assets by increasing its cash and bank balance. The company can reduce the cost of production and try to improve its profitability. CONCLUSION CONCLUSION OF THE TRAINING:The co-operative sugar mills Ltd is a government undertaken mill functioning under the control of administrator and other officers. From the viewpoint of office management, the mill is following standard systems and pro cedures and with qualified and experienced staff, is functioning satisfactorily. The mill plays a vital role in uplifting the economy of the rural areas and provides employment opportunities in employing persons in cane fields and in the factory as well. It contributes substantially to the total sugar production and its endeavor to manufacture exportable quality of sugar is noteworthy effort.Thus, the Siva Subramanian co-operative sugar mills Ltd is a boon to the developing economy mohanur and places of Tamilnadu as well. So the company can go in the same direction and take necessary steps to improve the sale. It is high time for co-operative sugar mills to formulate certain policies to keep a well monitored its sale in the competitive market for better profitability, reliability, consistency. If all the policies will adopt by a company in a proper way and to utilize the resources effectively then it will sure that the company will reach its high profit.