Ap World History Chapter 26 Notes

Chapter 26 Notes Ottomans and Arabs Ottomans Factors of Decline * Competition amongst elite * Weak rulers * Increasingly strong Janissary corps * Increased competition from European merchants * Military challenges from the West * Ottomans vs. Russia (result loss of Serbia, Greece, and near of Balkans) Survival * Played European rivals against separately other * Selim III recovered bureaucracy, clean army and navy.Killed by janissaries in 1807 * Mahmud II slaughtered Janissaries, families and religious allies, reforms based on western influence (angered conservative religious leaders) * Tanzimat Reforms (1939-1876) serial of western sandwich influenced reforms in education, government, newspapers, and constitution. Introduction of force and telegraph systems (effect communication change magnitude, minority groups increased power) * Consequences artisans negatively effected (thank you, Britain), women s billet remained stagnant Backlash to Reforms Conflict surrounded by old and new orders * Abdul Hamid attempted to drive away to despotic governing.. nullified constitution, removed horse operaers in power, continued SOME Western policies * coup detat 1908 Ottoman Society for Union and come up ( offspring Turks) fought for return to 1976 constitution, Sultan remained as figurehead. * state of war in North Africa Ottomans lost Libya * Young Turks vs. Arabs * World War I turkey sided with Germany. Arab Heartlands Fertile Crescent, Egypt, North AfricaIdentified with Ottoman rulers as Muslims, disliked Ottoman rule * tending of Western rule Muhammad Ali, Westernizing Europe * catnap invades Egypt (1798) example of Western military power, eventually defeated by the British * Western reforms introduced (military, agriculture) little accomplished in the long-term * Khedives Muhammads descendants, ruled Egypt until 1952 Issues and European jock * Cotton solely dependent on export * Misuse of money by the elite Indebted to European powers * Suez tele vision channel introduces power struggle b/w European powers and Egypt (France and Britain) * Conservative Muslims resented Western posture * Liberal Muslims borrowed from West * Skirmish between Britain and Khedival army results in British supremacy (Egypt is NOT colonized) Egypt in Sudan * Sudan exploited, forced to reform slave trade * Jihad called against Egyptian rulers and Britain * Sudan successful in maintaining independence until 1896 * Western technology vs. Eastern technology